Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy

Kim Bullock; Andrea Stevenson Won; Jeremy Bailenson; Julie Muccini; Margot Paul; Helen Bronte Stewart

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy

Kim Bullock, Andrea Stevenson Won, Jeremy Bailenson, Julie Muccini, Margot Paul, Helen Bronte Stewart

Published in American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 12 April 2021 Accepted: 8 May 2021 Published: 21 May 2021

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Abstract

Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver MVF to an adult with hemiplegic CP and right sided pain, weakness, and dystonias. A weekly intervention was delivered in an ambulatory care setting over one year. Self-reported pain, motor function, anxiety, disability, quality of life and depression were monitored weekly. The treatment was acceptable and well tolerated with no instances of cybersickness. The intervention showed immediate and consistent pain relief during treatment, similar to those reported in other studies, with the percentage of pain relief during sessions ranging from 6.25% to 38.5%. Motor function, including range of motion, control, and dexterity, were improved per patient report. However, the duration of pain relief lasted only 2–4 days between sessions. The authors believe that the present findings may inspire others treating adults and children with CP to explore the use of MVF and VR to enhance rehabilitation with an emphasis on adapting technologies for home use. Further implications of these findings for the future are discussed.

Published in	American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16
Page(s)	59-67
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Virtual Reality, Case Reports, Physical Therapy Modalities, Cerebral Palsy, Mirror Visual Feedback

References

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APA Style

Kim Bullock, Andrea Stevenson Won, Jeremy Bailenson, Julie Muccini, Margot Paul, et al. (2021). Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 9(2), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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ACS Style

Kim Bullock; Andrea Stevenson Won; Jeremy Bailenson; Julie Muccini; Margot Paul, et al. Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021, 9(2), 59-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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AMA Style

Kim Bullock, Andrea Stevenson Won, Jeremy Bailenson, Julie Muccini, Margot Paul, et al. Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021;9(2):59-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16,
  author = {Kim Bullock and Andrea Stevenson Won and Jeremy Bailenson and Julie Muccini and Margot Paul and Helen Bronte Stewart},
  title = {Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  abstract = {Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver MVF to an adult with hemiplegic CP and right sided pain, weakness, and dystonias. A weekly intervention was delivered in an ambulatory care setting over one year. Self-reported pain, motor function, anxiety, disability, quality of life and depression were monitored weekly. The treatment was acceptable and well tolerated with no instances of cybersickness. The intervention showed immediate and consistent pain relief during treatment, similar to those reported in other studies, with the percentage of pain relief during sessions ranging from 6.25% to 38.5%. Motor function, including range of motion, control, and dexterity, were improved per patient report. However, the duration of pain relief lasted only 2–4 days between sessions. The authors believe that the present findings may inspire others treating adults and children with CP to explore the use of MVF and VR to enhance rehabilitation with an emphasis on adapting technologies for home use. Further implications of these findings for the future are discussed.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy
AU - Kim Bullock
AU - Andrea Stevenson Won
AU - Jeremy Bailenson
AU - Julie Muccini
AU - Margot Paul
AU - Helen Bronte Stewart
Y1 - 2021/05/21
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16
DO - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16
T2 - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JF - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JO - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
SP - 59
EP - 67
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-426X
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16
AB - Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver MVF to an adult with hemiplegic CP and right sided pain, weakness, and dystonias. A weekly intervention was delivered in an ambulatory care setting over one year. Self-reported pain, motor function, anxiety, disability, quality of life and depression were monitored weekly. The treatment was acceptable and well tolerated with no instances of cybersickness. The intervention showed immediate and consistent pain relief during treatment, similar to those reported in other studies, with the percentage of pain relief during sessions ranging from 6.25% to 38.5%. Motor function, including range of motion, control, and dexterity, were improved per patient report. However, the duration of pain relief lasted only 2–4 days between sessions. The authors believe that the present findings may inspire others treating adults and children with CP to explore the use of MVF and VR to enhance rehabilitation with an emphasis on adapting technologies for home use. Further implications of these findings for the future are discussed.
VL - 9
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Kim Bullock

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Andrea Stevenson Won

Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Jeremy Bailenson

Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Julie Muccini

Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Margot Paul

PGSP-Stanford PsyD Consortium, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, USA
Helen Bronte Stewart

Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA

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APA Style

Kim Bullock, Andrea Stevenson Won, Jeremy Bailenson, Julie Muccini, Margot Paul, et al. (2021). Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 9(2), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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ACS Style

Kim Bullock; Andrea Stevenson Won; Jeremy Bailenson; Julie Muccini; Margot Paul, et al. Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021, 9(2), 59-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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AMA Style

Kim Bullock, Andrea Stevenson Won, Jeremy Bailenson, Julie Muccini, Margot Paul, et al. Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021;9(2):59-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16,
  author = {Kim Bullock and Andrea Stevenson Won and Jeremy Bailenson and Julie Muccini and Margot Paul and Helen Bronte Stewart},
  title = {Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20210902.16},
  abstract = {Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver MVF to an adult with hemiplegic CP and right sided pain, weakness, and dystonias. A weekly intervention was delivered in an ambulatory care setting over one year. Self-reported pain, motor function, anxiety, disability, quality of life and depression were monitored weekly. The treatment was acceptable and well tolerated with no instances of cybersickness. The intervention showed immediate and consistent pain relief during treatment, similar to those reported in other studies, with the percentage of pain relief during sessions ranging from 6.25% to 38.5%. Motor function, including range of motion, control, and dexterity, were improved per patient report. However, the duration of pain relief lasted only 2–4 days between sessions. The authors believe that the present findings may inspire others treating adults and children with CP to explore the use of MVF and VR to enhance rehabilitation with an emphasis on adapting technologies for home use. Further implications of these findings for the future are discussed.},
 year = {2021}
}

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